![]() However, now this assumption has weakened with the advent of slightly more powerful IoT devices and less resource-demanding application software. Such deployments used to be the norm due to the technical difficulties of putting blockchain applications on top of low-resource IoT devices. ![]() Here, the trust assumption is moved from IoT devices to the common bridge, presenting a fake sense of decentralization and trust. In traditional deployments, as seen in Figure 1, IoT devices use the blockchains via a common bridge or a local stub which actually serves as a point of contact on behalf of several IoT devices. In IOTA unlike blockchains like Bitcoin or Ethereum, there are no miners and no fee to be paid in order to make a transaction thereby making access to the ledger easy. DLTs are proven to be a game-changer in industry for example in cyber-physical systems where immutable data records hold utmost value. ![]() Outside block-based DLTs, other alternatives such as Direct Acyclic Graph (DAG) based DLTs have been introduced that somewhat alleviate the limitations of block-based blockchains such as validating large transactions than small or microtransactions, higher transaction fee, mining activity which is becoming more central than distributed. This makes it difficult for blockchains to serve different use cases where such limitations are undesirable. There are problems with block-based DLTs such as scalability, the fee (can be high at times), block production time, and Miner Extraction Value (MEV). Inside blocks, a group of transactions can be packed and disseminated into the network and eventually agreed upon using various consensus algorithms. The most popular and prevalent type of DLT is Blockchain, which forms a series of cryptographically connected blocks produced by other peer nodes called miners for a small fee. In a distributed ledger, the data can be thought of as a state which changes every time new data is applied and, through consensus protocols, other agents or peer-to-peer (P2P) nodes in the system, agree on the shared uniform state, i.e., a given majority have the same state or ordered view of the data. In technical terms, Blockchains are cryptographically secured DLT to achieve state-machine-replication, they are, by design, resistant to a Byzantine fault. Making data secure, available, immutable, while incurring low storage costs are some major advantages.Ä«lockchain promises decentralization, security, and access control across various application domains such as banking, decentralized finance (DeFi), supply chain, decentralized data management, and non-fungible tokens (NFTs). Moving away from legacy solutions by alleviating the need for a trusted third party, the decentralized nature of blockchains can fit well with the IoT use cases. With this development, the challenge to secure the huge data generated by IoT devices has become more pressing. In current times, it has become easier to integrate IoT devices in more use cases such as smart-homes, automated vehicles, medicine, and hardware crypto wallets. Earlier in the 1990s, they were widely used in the industrial environment where physical tasks were automated. They are tiny pieces of computational hardware, equipped with substantial storage and confined software that helps run the assigned task. IoT (Internet-of-Things) devices are inexpensive, lightweight, commodity hardware that are mostly used to interact with real-world or cyber-physical entities. Realizing the need for a better offline blockchain scalability solution. Furthermore, we confirm by experimental runs that outside and within the tight time bounds transactions in offline Tangle can become stale and not get confirmed, and the effective time-bound can be even less. In summary, we approach research questions by analyzing the studies that explore the trend of offline IoT devices and evaluating the relevance of offline blockchains, assessing the IOTA specification and codebase around offline transaction-making capabilities and pointing out some bounds that IOTA blockchain nodes must follow towards incoming transactions. Therefore, this study explains what provisions the existing IOTA blockchain has to accommodate the increased pattern of hidden IoT devices, and if IOTA is truly sufficient as a solution. However, there has been little to no empirical study or introduction to time bounds on transaction confirmation. However, multiple past studies have pointed towards IOTA Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) that closely caters to offline blockchain use cases. Operating blockchain operations in such ad hoc connectivity becomes challenging. Due to the increased number of security attacks, a large number of IoT devices are disappearing from the public internet. An increased pattern of hidden Internet of Things (IoT) devices has been observed.
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